Abstract: Interprovincial industrial specialization and cross-regional flows of resource factors imply that scarcity risks related to water, energy, and food are no longer confined to the locations where shortages occur. Instead, such risks may spill over along interprovincial industrial linkages and give rise to systemic impacts. This study aims to assess both the transmission process and the integrated effects of water-energy-food scarcity risks across provinces and sectors, with Inner Mongolia, Shaanxi, and Ningxia selected as a representative regional case. Under a unified accounting framework, initial scarcity risks for water, energy, and food are quantified for the three provinces. The initial risks (in monetary terms) are then introduced as supply-side shocks in a multi-regional input-output model, and a supply-driven Ghosh model is applied to trace how scarcity risks are transmitted along interprovincial industrial chains. Building on this, integrated scarcity risk under multi-resource constraints is evaluated and its sectoral burden pattern is examined. The results indicate marked spatial heterogeneity in initial scarcity risks across resource dimensions. Initial water scarcity risk follows the pattern “Inner Mongolia > Shaanxi > Ningxia”, whereas initial energy scarcity risk exhibits the reverse pattern “Ningxia > Shaanxi > Inner Mongolia”. Initial food scarcity risk is highest in Shaanxi, followed by Inner Mongolia and then Ningxia (“Shaanxi > Inner Mongolia > Ningxia”). These contrasting rankings indicate resource-specific vulnerability profiles, implying that a single-resource lens may misidentify risk hotspots and underestimate cross-resource interactions. Transmission analysis further reveals the pivotal role of interprovincial industrial chains in shaping risk spillovers, with the main exporting province and the magnitude of outflows varying substantially by resource type. In the water scarcity risk network, Inner Mongolia is the largest exporter, transferring 3.50 billion CNY to Shaanxi and Ningxia. In the energy scarcity risk network, Ningxia is the largest exporter, with an outflow of 1.10 billion CNY. In the food scarcity risk network, Shaanxi is the largest exporter, with an outflow of 0.17 billion CNY. Across the three dimensions, provincial roles can switch between exporter and recipient, underscoring that spillover pathways are shaped by both sectoral structure and network position. These differences demonstrate strong resource specificity in the interprovincial risk-export pattern: a province does not necessarily act as the exporter or recipient across all resource dimensions; instead, the role depends on its industrial structure under the relevant constraint and its position in the interprovincial input-output network. Under simultaneous multi-resource constraints, integrated scarcity risk follows the order Inner Mongolia (41.03 billion CNY) > Shaanxi (22.68 billion CNY) > Ningxia (15.90 billion CNY). A consistent sectoral pattern is that agriculture is the principal bearer of integrated scarcity risk in all three provinces. This concentration suggests that monitoring and intervention should prioritize key chains connected to agriculture, while the framework can be extended to scenario-based assessments under alternative policy and resource-constraint settings. This implies that, when constraints on water, energy, and food are jointly considered, systemic risk is not evenly distributed across sectors but tends to concentrate in key sectors that are highly dependent on multiple resources and tightly connected to upstream–downstream production linkages, resulting in a “high concentration in a few sectors” burden pattern concentrated in a small number of sectors. Overall, the findings show that interprovincial scarcity risks related to water, energy, and food exhibit strong cross-resource linkages and can spread and accumulate across regions through industrial chains, such that scarcity in a single province may be transmitted and transformed into a cross-regional systemic risk. The proposed cross-provincial accounting and transmission framework provides an operational quantitative basis for cross-provincial resource coordination, early warning of critical risk chains, and resilience enhancement. It can be further applied to evaluate risk spillovers and identify key chains under alternative policy and resource-constraint scenarios, thereby informing collaborative governance and adaptive risk management.