Abstract: The distributed optical fiber sensing technology, as a new intelligent monitoring technology, has many advantages such as being distributed, long distance, high precision, and anti interference, comparing with the traditional methods such as resistance sensor, inductance sensor, vibrating wire sensor in the field of geotechnical and geological engineering monitoring. In recent years, it is one of the hot research topics in the field of engineering intelligent monitoring. This paper describes the classification of the distributed optical fiber sensing technology at first, then sums up the latest achievements of the distributed optical fiber sensing technology used in the monitoring of concrete structure health, foundations, excavation, slope, temperature field and soil deformation, in the technical engineering layout and temperature compensation methods, and in the new sensors and monitoring systems at home and abroad, and finally points out the development direction of the distributed optical fiber sensing technology in the future.