Abstract: Based on the kinetics of flocculation (Smoluchowski equation) theory, colloid stability theory (DLVO theory) and the application of fractal geometry on the flocculation researches, works on the cluster structure, settling velocity, and main factors (such as grain diameter of particles, concentration, cation of electrolyte, temperature and current turbulence) influencing aggregation for cohesive fine sediment are reviewed, issues of fractal number, size, mass density, settling velocity, critical strength, and the collision frequency functions expressed in fractal geometry are summarized, the advances of fractal growth models describing both rapid and slow flocculation processes as well as the numerical simulation methods are introduced. A proposal for the future investigation on flocculation of cohesive sediment is put forward according to such characteristics of sediment as composition of minerals, grain size, charge distribution on the surface, and diversity of the electrolyte in water, and to the particularity of flocculation of cohesive fine sediment.