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Numerical simulation on flood characteristics under different forest coverage rates of watershed
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摘要: 为研究森林覆盖率变化对洪水特性的影响，建立小溪流域的分布式水文模型，通过实测水文资料对模型重要参数进行率定和验证，并对其适用性进行评价。选取7日同次降雨序列，利用率定并验证后的数学模型对森林覆盖率从0到100%共11组工况的流域洪水过程进行模拟。结果表明，森林覆盖率的变化对小溪流域洪水特性产生一定影响，森林覆盖率越大，影响效果越明显；相比无森林覆盖条件，森林覆盖率达到最大时减小洪峰流量约13.2%，延缓洪峰到达时间约4 h，延长洪水历时约13 h；当森林覆盖率低于40%时，森林对洪峰的削减作用非常有限；当森林覆盖率大于40%时，森林覆盖率平均每增长10%，可削减洪峰流量约2%；并且随着森林覆盖率增长，洪水过程形态呈现从单峰到双峰的变化特点。Abstract: In order to study the influence of forest cover change on flood characteristics, a distributed hydrological model of Xiaoxi watershed was established. The parameters of the model were validated and verified by observed hydrologic data and its applicability was also evaluated. Then the seven-day rainfall series was selected and the model was used to simulate the flood process of Xiaoxi watershed with the forest coverage rates ranging from 0% to 100%. The results indicated that changing the forest coverage rates had a great impact on the flood characteristics of Xiaoxi watershed. The greater the forest coverage rate, the more obvious the effect. Compared with non-forest coverage condition, when the forest coverage rates reached the maximum, the flood peak flow was reduced by about 13.2%, the arrival time of the flood peak was delayed for about 4 hours, and the flood duration was extended by about 13 hours. Besides, when the forest coverage rate was less than 40%, there was a very limited reduction effect on the flood peak flow; when the forest coverage rate was more than 40%, an average of 10% increase in forest coverage could lead to 2% reduction of flood peak flow. Moreover, the shape of the flood process showed a trend from a single peak to double peaks with increasing forest coverage rate.
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图 1 小溪流域方位及水文站空间分布
Figure 1. Spatial distribution of Xiaoxi watershed and hydrological stations
图 4 不同森林覆盖率下小溪流域洪水模拟过程
Figure 4. Runoff simulation of Xiaoxi watershed flood under different forest coverage rates in Xiaoxi basin
表 1 模型参数
Table 1. Parameters of model
模块 参数 取值（范围） 率定结果 截留/蒸发（ET） Cint（mm） 0.1 0.1 叶面积指数（m2/m2） 6 6 根系深度（mm） 800 800 坡面漫流（OL） 滞洪蓄水量（mm） 0~50 10 初始水深（mm） 0 0 曼宁系数（m1/3/s） 10~40 30 饱和带（SZ） 水平水力传导率（10–5 m/s） 1~10 5 垂直水力传导率（10–4 m/s） 1~10 5 单位产水量（mm） 0.2 0.2 单位储水率（1/m） 0.000 1 0.000 1 初始潜水头（m） –1 –1 非饱和带（UZ） 蒸散发深度（m） 0.1 0.1 饱和含水率（m3/m3） 0.3 0.3 田间持水率（m3/m3） 0.2 0.2 凋萎含水率（m3/m3） 0.05 0.05 河道汇流（OC） 河床糙率（m1/3/s） 10~40 25 
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表 2 森林覆盖率变化对流域洪水特性影响
Table 2. Influence of different forest coverage rates on basin flood
森林覆
盖率/%洪峰流
量/(m3·s–1)洪峰流量
削减比例/%洪水
历时/h洪水历时
变化率/%峰现
时间/h洪峰延迟
时间/h森林覆
盖率/%洪峰流
量/(m3·s–1)洪峰流量
削减比例/%洪水
历时/h洪水历时
变化率/%峰现
时间/h洪峰延迟
时间/h0 2 370 / 57 / 80 / 60 2 192 7.5 64 13.0 82 2 10 2 388 –0.8 59 3.5 80 0 70 2 169 8.5 68 19.3 82 2 20 2 350 0.8 61 7.0 80 0 80 2 150 9.3 68 19.3 82 2 30 2 343 1.1 61 7.0 81 1 90 2 091 11.8 68 19.3 83 3 40 2 339 1.3 63 10.5 81 1 100 2 058 13.2 70 22.8 84 4 50 2 278 3.9 65 14.0 82 2
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