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Study on the superposition effect of hydraulic fluctuation in the lower approach channel of the Three Gorges Project
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摘要: 为深入探索三峡枢纽运行产生的水力波动在下游引航道内的叠加规律，从明渠非恒定流基本方程出发，建立三峡-葛洲坝两坝间河道及三峡枢纽下游引航道的Preissmann四点隐式差分格式数学模型，研究引航道内波动叠加规律，分析河道基流和初始水位对波动特性的影响，并对葛洲坝枢纽流量不变和敞泄时三峡枢纽下游引航道口门和升船机下闸首的水位波动过程进行了回归分析。研究表明：引航道口门的波动过程主要由两坝间净流量所引起的平均涨水过程和以其为平衡轴的振荡过程叠加而成，升船机下闸首水位波动过程则表现为引航道口门波动过程和引航道内往复波流的叠加，其相对波动幅值的衰减过程基本符合指数规律。回归分析得到的表达式，能有效获得引航道水位波动过程，具有较高的模拟精度。Abstract: Hydraulic fluctuation generated by the operation of the project would superpose in the lower approach channel of the Three Gorges Project. To explore the superposition law, we established a mathematical model of the lower approach channel of the Three Gorges Project and the river course between the Three Gorges Dam and the Gezhouba Dam using Preissmann four-point implicit difference scheme, based on the basic equations of unsteady flow in open channel. In this study, the superposition law of water level fluctuation in approach channel was studied, and the influence of channel base flow and initial water level on fluctuation characteristics was analyzed. Under the conditions of constant flow rate or discharging openly of the Gezhouba Project, the regression analysis of water level fluctuations at the lower approach channel entrance of the Three Gorges Project and the lower head of the ship lift was carried out. The results indicated that the water level fluctuation at the lower approach channel entrance resulted from the superposition of the average water rise caused by the net flow between the two dams and the oscillating process around the average water rise. The water level fluctuation at the lower head of the ship lift resulted from the superposition of the water level fluctuation at the lower approach channel entrance and the reciprocating flow wave in the lower approach channel. The attenuation degree of the relative fluctuation amplitude decreased exponentially with time. The expression obtained from the regression analysis could effectively obtain the fluctuation process of water level in the approach channel. The model had high precision.
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Key words:
- the Three Gorges Project /
- approach channel /
- hydraulic fluctuation /
- superimpose
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图 2 数学模型计算结果与原型观测结果对比
Figure 2. Comparison of the results of mathematical model calculation and prototype observation
图 5 不同基流条件下水位相对波动幅值变化
Figure 5. Changes of relative water level fluctuation amplitude under different base flows
图 6 不同初始水位条件下水位相对波动幅值变化
Figure 6. Changes of relative water level fluctuation amplitude under different initial water levels
图 7 引航道口门相对水深变化过程回归分析与数值计算结果对比
Figure 7. Comparison of results between regression analysis and numerical calculation of changing process of relative depth at approach channel entrance
图 8 升船机下闸首相对水深变化过程回归分析与数值计算结果对比
Figure 8. Comparison of results between regression analysis and numerical calculation of changing process of relative depth at lower head of ship lift
表 1 不同基流条件下相对波动幅值变化规律
Table 1. Change law of relative fluctuation amplitude under different base flow conditions
工况 引航道口门相对波动 升船机下闸首相对波动 工况 引航道口门相对波动 升船机下闸首相对波动 葛洲坝流量不变 ${a_{\rm{e}}}{\rm{ = }}0.04$ ${a_{\rm{l}}}{\rm{ = }}4 \times {10^{{\rm{ - }}6}}{Q_0} + 0.075$ 葛洲坝敞泄 ${a_{\rm{e}}}{\rm{ = }}0.15$ ${a_{\rm{l}}}{\rm{ = }}2 \times {10^{{\rm{ - }}6}}{Q_0} + 0.16$ ${b_{\rm{e}}}{\rm{ = }} - 2 \times {10^{{\rm{ - 5}}}}{Q_0}$ ${b_{\rm{l}}}{\rm{ = }}6 \times {10^{{\rm{ - }}6}}{Q_0} - 0.41$ ${b_{\rm{e}}}{\rm{ = }} - 3 \times {10^{{\rm{ - 5}}}}{Q_0} - 0.1$ ${b_{\rm{l}}}{\rm{ = }} - 0.35$ 
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表 2 不同初始水位条件下相对波动幅值变化规律
Table 2. Change law of relative fluctuation amplitude under different initial water levels
工况 引航道口门相对波动 升船机下闸首相对波动 工况 引航道口门相对波动 升船机下闸首相对波动 葛洲坝流量不变 ${a_{\rm{e}}} = 0.04$ ${a_{\rm{l} } } = - 0.01{{\textit z}_0} + 0.7$ 葛洲坝敞泄 ${a_{\rm{e}}} = 0.15$ ${a_{\rm{l} } } = - 0.03{{\textit z}_0} + 1.88$ ${b_{\rm{e} } } = - 0.10$ ${b_{\rm{l}}} = - 0.38$ ${b_{\rm{e}}} = - 0.25$ ${b_{\rm{l}}} = - 0.35$
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