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Resilience evaluation of sponge city based on relative difference function
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摘要: 针对海绵城市中观尺度的区域水系统综合评价问题，引入工程弹性的理念，构建了由生态弹性、工程弹性、自然弹性和社会弹性4个维度共17个影响因子的弹性指标体系，基于相对差异函数的模糊可变评价模型，对17个指标5个级别（极强、较强、中等、较弱、极弱）弹性阈值进行说明和界定。以开封市为研究实例进行评价计算，结果显示：2013年、2014年和2015年系统弹性为Ⅴ级，表明这3年开封市的海绵城市水系统具有极弱的弹性；2016年、2017年为Ⅳ级，开封市海绵城市水系统弹性为中等。同时对2013年、2017年的17个指标的相对隶属度覆盖等级进行对比，与开封海绵城市建设和成效进行对照分析，评价结果与实际情况高度吻和，均发生了明显的弹性增强过程。经过实例计算可得基于相对差异函数的海绵城市水系统弹性评价体系构建合理，针对中观尺度的评价区域，能够通过指标信息确定对应的相对隶属度，获得精准的评价结果，为海绵城市提高水系统弹性提供可靠的理论依据和数据支持。Abstract: Aiming at the comprehensive evaluation of sponge city water system, based on the concept of engineering elasticity, we construct a resilient index system with 17 factors from four dimensions: ecological, engineering, natural and social resilience. Based on the fuzzy variable evaluation model of the relative difference function, the five levels (very strong, strong, medium, weak and very weak) of the resilience thresholds corresponding to the 17 indicators are explained and defined. We take Kaifeng as the research example to evaluate and calculate, and the result shows: the water system resilience classified as Ⅴ in 2013, 2014 and 2015 suggests that Kaifeng water system has a very weak resilience; that as Ⅳ in 2016 and 2017 shows a medium resilience. In addition, the change trend of relative membership coverage of 17 indicators in 2013 and 2017 was analyzed and compared with the construction effect of Kaifeng sponge city, showing that the evaluation results are highly concordant with the actual situation, thus an obvious resilient enhancement process was found. Through the example verification, we have established a reasonable evaluation system and elastic threshold, aiming at the evaluation area of mesoscale, to determine the corresponding relative membership degree through the index information, so as to obtain accurate evaluation results, and provide reliable data support and theoretical basis for the sponge city to improve the resilience of its water system.
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Key words:
- sponge city /
- relative difference function /
- water system /
- resilience evaluation /
- Kaifeng City
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图 1 海绵城市中观尺度水系统弹性评价体系
Figure 1. Resilience evaluation system of mesoscale water system in sponge city
图 3 开封市海绵城市水系统弹性各指标相对隶属度分布对比
Figure 3. Relative membership distribution of each index of water system resilience in sponge city of Kaifeng in 2013 and 2017
表 1 开封市海绵城市水系统弹性评价指标（2013—2017年）
Table 1. Resilience evaluation index of water system in sponge city of Kaifeng (2013—2017)
影响因素 指标 指标编号 2013年 2014年 2015年 2016年 2017年 生态弹性维度（5） 硬化地面斑块面积率（%） I1 72.26 73.73 74.94 80.44 82.89 植被斑块面积率（%） I2 26.66 23.34 22.37 16.83 14.47 水域斑块面积率（%） I3 1.08 2.93 2.68 2.73 2.63 生态环境用水率（%） I4 1.90 1.00 9.50 12.30 13.80 空气质量良好率（%） I5 38.35 47.67 60.54 62.19 51.23 工程弹性维度（3） 排水管道长度（km） I6 1469 1387 1475 1542 1604 排水泵站数量（个） I7 22 22 22 23 24 河道治理长度（km） I8 16.00 8.50 16.00 22.50 32.50 自然弹性维度（5） 降雨量（mm） I9 389.9 529.5 598.0 566.4 591.0 雨水资源利用潜力（106m3） I10 37.12 38.81 40.16 39.03 44.19 产水模数（104m3/km2） I11 14.20 14.10 14.30 14.30 15.70 地下水资源模数（104m3/km2） I12 11.50 10.30 10.90 10.80 11.90 地下水漏斗面积（>8 m深）（km2） I13 210 270 252 287 280 社会弹性维度（4） 雨水资源经济效益（亿元） I14 1.40 1.96 2.05 1.30 1.55 雨水资源生态效益（亿元） I15 8.52 7.91 7.73 5.55 9.87 景观娱乐用水区水质 I16 劣Ⅴ类 劣Ⅴ类 劣Ⅴ Ⅴ类 Ⅴ类 万元GDP用水量 (m3/万元) I17 94.00 80.00 86.00 62.70 60.70 注：表中“万元GDP用水量”为对应统计当年价格。 
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表 2 开封市海绵城市水系统弹性阈值分级标准（Ⅴ级）
Table 2. Classification standard of water system resilience threshold in sponge city of Kaifeng (Ⅴ)
指标 指标类型 Ⅰ级 Ⅱ级 Ⅲ级 Ⅳ级 Ⅴ级 （极强弹性） （较强弹性） （中等弹性） （较弱弹性） （极弱弹性） I1 递减 0~20 20~35 35~50 50~75 75~100 I2 递增 75~100 50~75 35~50 20~35 0~20 I3 递增 15~25 10~15 5~10 1~5 0~1 I4 递增 15~25 10~15 5~10 1~5 0~1 I5 递增 80~100 70~80 60~70 50~60 0~50 I6 递增 2 000~2 200 1 800~2 000 1 400~1 800 1 000~1 400 0~1 000 I7 递增 30~40 30~28 24~28 20~24 0~20 I8 递增 55~60 40~55 25~40 10~25 0~10 I9 递增 662.7~773.1 552.2~662.7 441.8~552.2 331.4~441.8 0~331.4 I10 递增 55~60 49~55 42~49 35~42 0~35 I11 递增 50.0~55.0 36.6~50.0 23.3~36.6 10.0~23.3 0~10.0 I12 递增 50.0~55.0 36.6~50.0 23.3~36.6 10.0~23.3 0~10.0 I13 递减 0~55 55~128 128~201 201~273 273~345 I14 递增 8~10 6~8 4~6 2~4 0~2 I15 递增 20~25 15~20 10~15 5~10 0~5 I16 递减 I Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅴ（劣Ⅴ） I17 递减 0~15 15~50 50~100 100~150 150~200
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表 3 开封市海绵城市水系统弹性评价结果
Table 3. Evaluation results of water system resilience in sponge city of Kaifeng
年份 系统等权向量 指标等权向量 熵值权向量 平均值 级别 海绵城市弹性 2013 4.3200 4.3630 4.3350 4.3390 Ⅳ 较弱弹性 2014 4.3960 4.4030 4.3760 4.3920 Ⅳ 较弱弹性 2015 4.0790 4.0740 4.0100 4.0540 Ⅳ 较弱弹性 2016 3.9280 3.9470 3.8940 3.9230 Ⅲ 中等弹性 2017 3.7170 3.7680 3.6830 3.7230 Ⅲ 中等弹性
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