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Riverbed evolution and its influencing factors in the South Branch and the North Branch of the Yangtze River estuary since 1958
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摘要: 根据1958—2019年长江口实测地形数据，对南、北支河段河床边界、河槽容积和河床冲淤等河床演变要素进行了计算分析。结果表明，从1958年至2019年，南、北支河段河床演变具有一定规律性：(1)岸线边界变化趋势表现共性，均遵循岸线内缩延展，河道面积逐渐缩小的变化规律。(2)冲淤演变差异明显，南支时间上整体趋于冲刷，分阶段冲淤交替，1998至2019年表现为持续冲刷；空间上整体表现为滩淤槽刷的特点。北支则整体趋于淤积，河道不断萎缩。(3)河槽容积变化表现一定相关性，2 m以深南、北支河槽总容积在84.76亿m3上下小幅波动，基本维持稳定，2019年比1958年仅增加4.1%。南、北支河段的河床演变受径流和外海水沙变化及人类工程活动综合影响，随着南、北支河段断面形态、滩槽格局及流域来沙的渐趋稳定，河床演变整体向平衡稳定方向发展。Abstract: Based on the measured topographic data of the Yangtze River estuary from 1958 to 2019, these factors such as riverbed boundary, channel volume and riverbed evolution of the South Branch and the North Branch are calculated. The results show that the riverbed evolution of the South Branch and the North Branch has a certain regularity from 1958 to 2019: (1) The change of riverbed boundary shows the same trend, which follows shoreline shrinking and extending, and the river area gradually shrinking. (2) The riverbed evolution between the North Branch and the South Branch shows obvious differences. The time variation of the South Branch tends to scour as a whole with alternating between erosion and deposition and shows continuous scour since 1998, and the spatial change shows the characteristics of "beach and silting channel brush". But the North Branch tends to deposit as a whole and the river channel shrinks. (3) The change of channel volume shows a certain relativity. The total volume of the South Branch and the North Branch with +2 m deep fluctuates slightly around 8.476 billion m3, which remains stable basically. Compared with 1958, the total volume in 2019 is only increased by 4.1%. The riverbed evolution of the South Branch and the North Branch is affected by water and sediment dynamic conditions and human engineering. With the stability of cross-section shape, shoal channel pattern and sediment inflow in the South Branch and the North Branch, their riverbed evolution tends to be balanced and stable as a whole.
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Key words:
- Yangtze River estuary /
- water-sand conditions /
- channel volume /
- human activities
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图 3 各河段在不同高程下河槽容积变化
Figure 3. Volume change of the North and South Branch Channels at different elevations
图 4 各时段河床冲淤变化情况（“−”为冲刷，“+”为淤积）
Figure 4. Changes of riverbed erosion and siltation in each period
图 7 长江大通站1950—2019年径流量与输沙量变化
Figure 7. Changes in runoff and sediment transport at Datong Station on the Yangtze River from 1950 to 2019
图 8 1958—2019年北支分流分沙比变化(数据来源：长江口水文水资源勘测局)
Figure 8. Variation of water and sand distributary ratios from 1958 to 2019
表 1 实测数据来源
Table 1. Sources of measured data
获取方式 年份 比例尺 测量时间 测量单位 海图 1958 1∶25 000 1958.8—1958.10 海军司令部
航道测量部1973 1∶50 000 1973.3—1973.11 上海航道局 1989 1∶75 000 1989 交通部上海海上
安全监督局电子海图 1998 1∶50 000 1998.6 长江口航
道管理局2010 1∶50 000 2010 2016 1∶50 000 2016.11 2019 1∶50 000 2019.11 
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表 2 岸线及河道面积变化
Table 2. Changes of shoreline and channel area
区域 年份 岸线长度/km 2 m线水域面积 河道总面积 北岸 南岸 面积/ km2 增减率/% 面积/ km2 增减率/% 南支 1958 51.49 75.35 802.28 907.52 1973 74.31 75.68 780.11 −2.8 820.13 −9.6 1989 63.48 77.89 770.26 −1.3 807.57 −1.5 1998 65.59 77.89 747.65 −2.9 794.40 −1.6 2010 67.10 78.63 728.39 −2.6 738.42 −7.0 2016 67.10 78.63 690.14 −5.3 735.60 −0.3 2019 67.10 78.63 712.10 +3.2 735.60 −0.3 北支 1958 79.05 84.76 518.21 724.07 1973 81.02 87.12 434.47 −16.2 477.53 −34.0 1989 88.11 90.51 422.56 −2.7 441.45 −7.5 1998 88.11 90.51 419.83 −0.8 441.36 −0.1 2010 89.94 91.35 249.05 −40.7 310.10 −24.6 2016 89.94 91.35 210.21 −15.6 310.10 −24.6 2019 89.94 91.35 193.85 −7.8 310.10 −24.6 南支+北支 1958 290.65 1320.49 1631.59 1973 318.13(+9.5%) 1214.59 −8.0 1297.66 −20.5 1989 319.99(+0.6%) 1192.82 −1.8 1249.02 −3.7 1998 322.10(+0.7%) 1177.49 −1.3 1235.76 −1.1 2010 327.02(+1.5%) 977.44 −17.0 1048.52 −15.2 2016 327.02(+1.5%) 900.35 −7.9 1045.73 −0.3 2019 327.02(+1.5%) 905.95 +0.6 1045.73 −0.3
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表 3 各河段在不同时期河床冲淤量
Table 3. Riverbed erosion and deposition in different periods
单位：亿m3 时间段 徐六泾-七丫口 七丫口-浏河口 浏河口-吴淞口 崇头-大新港 大新港-三条港 三条港-连兴港 南支 北支 1958—1973 −2.900 −0.871 −1.148 0.528 1.712 0.720 −4.919 2.960 1973—1989 1.166 0.758 0.716 −0.153 0.284 −0.435 2.64 −0.304 1989—1998 −2.787 −1.232 −2.496 0.397 0.111 0.793 −6.515 1.301 1998—2010 −1.454 −1.085 −2.118 0.839 1.263 2.835 −4.657 4.937 2010—2016 1.091 −0.242 −0.793 −0.064 1.273 1.304 0.056 2.513 2016—2019 −0.707 −0.218 −1.797 −0.017 0.997 0.567 −2.722 1.546 1958—2019 −6.664 −3.037 −8.428 1.232 3.152 4.753 −18.130 9.137 注：“−”为冲刷，“+”为淤积
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