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Energy dissipation characteristics of the open ditch located in a large-scale ship lock chamber with an extreme high water head
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摘要: 为研究超高水头、大尺度船闸闸底廊道侧支孔输水系统闸室明沟消能特性，以单级水头60 m、有效尺度为280 m×40 m（长×宽）的闸室为研究对象，采用三维紊流数值模拟方法，针对流速、紊动能、剩余比能及流速分布均匀度等参数进行分析，阐明了双层侧支孔单明沟和单层侧支孔双明沟的消能特性，并对比了两种明沟消能工的消能效果。结果表明：对于双层侧支孔单明沟布置型式，垂向间距d与支孔面积平方根D之比由d/D=2.29增加至5.71的过程中，消能效果先变优后变差，当d/D=3.43时可达到较佳的消能效果；双明沟型式考虑合理的宽度（单个明沟宽度b与支孔面积平方根D之比b/D=2.71）后，相比双层侧支孔单明沟型式，消能效果更佳。研究结果可为类似船闸的消能工设计提供技术支撑。Abstract: In order to study the energy dissipation characteristics of open ditch combined with the side ports located in an in-chamber culvert designed for a large-scale lock chamber with an extreme high water head, in case of the water head 60 m and the useful dimension of the lock chamber 280 m×40 m (length×width), the three-dimensional turbulent numerical simulation method was used to analyze the parameters such as velocity, turbulent energy distribution, remaining specific energy and flow velocity distribution uniformity, and present the energy dissipation characteristics of the single open ditch with double-layer side ports and the double open ditches with single-layer side ports. Moreover, the corresponding energy dissipation results between them were compared. The results show that for the case of the single open ditch with the double-layer side ports, when the ratio of vertical spacing d between ports to square root of side ports area D, d/D, increases from 2.29 to 5.71, the energy dissipation results become better firstly and then worse. When d/D reaches 3.43, the corresponding energy dissipation results become the best. In addition, the widening type of the double open ditches (the ratio of one open ditch width b to square root of side ports area D, b/D=2.71) has better energy dissipation effect than that of the type of the single open ditch with the double-layer side ports. The research results can provide a technical support for the design of energy dissipators in similar ship locks.
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Key words:
- ship lock /
- extreme high water head /
- large scale /
- open ditch /
- energy dissipation characteristics
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图 1 双层侧支孔单明沟型式（单位：cm）
Figure 1. Single open ditch with double-layer side ports (unit: cm)
图 7 闸室水平剖面流速等值线（双层侧支孔单明沟）
Figure 7. Velocity contours of the typical horizontal sections of the lock chamber (single open ditch with double-layer side ports)
图 8 闸室纵剖面流线（双层侧支孔单明沟）
Figure 8. Stream lines of the typical longitudinal section of the lock chamber (single open ditch with double-layer side ports)
图 9 横剖面紊动能分布（双层侧支孔单明沟）
Figure 9. Turbulent energy distribution on the cross sections within the lock chamber (single open ditch with double-layer side ports)
图 10 闸室水平剖面流速等值线（双明沟）
Figure 10. Velocity contours of the typical horizontal sections of the lock chamber (double open ditches)
图 11 横剖面紊动能分布（双明沟）
Figure 11. Turbulent energy distribution on the cross sections within the lock chamber (double open ditches)
表 1 计算工况组合
Table 1. Combination of calculation conditions
工况 垂向支孔间距/m 明沟宽度/m 支孔高度/m 备注 SC1 2 4.000 2×0.85 双层侧支孔单明沟 SC2 3 4.000 2×0.85 双层侧支孔单明沟 SC3 4 4.000 2×0.85 双层侧支孔单明沟 SC4 5 4.000 2×0.85 双层侧支孔单明沟 SMG1 \ 2×1.750 1.70 双明沟 SMG2 \ 2×1.750 1.70 双明沟+消能槛 SMG3 \ 2×2.375 1.70 双明沟+明沟加宽 
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表 2 双层侧支孔单明沟型式闸室剩余比能和流速分布均匀度对比
Table 2. Comparison of remaining specific energy and flow velocity distribution uniformity of ship lock chamber (single open ditch with double-layer side ports)
时刻 剩余比能/(W·m － 2) 流速分布均匀度 d/D=2.29 d/D=3.43 d/D=4.57 d/D=5.71 d/D=2.29 d/D=3.43 d/D=4.57 d/D=5.71 t=100 s 0.30 0.26 0.34 0.39 22.19 19.64 21.42 21.72 t=410 s 17.83 11.33 17.63 21.31 23.09 15.10 25.14 34.47
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表 3 双明沟型式闸室剩余比能和流速分布均匀度对比
Table 3. Comparison of remaining specific energy and flow velocity distribution uniformity of ship lock chamber (double open ditches)
时刻 剩余比能/(W·m－2) 流速分布均匀度 d/D=2.00
（双明沟）d/D=2.00
（消能槛双明沟）d/D=2.71
（双明沟加宽）d/D=2.00
（双明沟）d/D=2.00
（消能槛双明沟）d/D=2.71
（双明沟加宽）t=100 s 0.18 0.19 0.07 10.18 11.82 5.88 t=410 s 11.81 19.19 6.04 19.22 26.00 15.55
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