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Recent earth-filled dam failure or danger accident of reservoirs in China and its enlightenment
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摘要: 受极端气候影响，近年来溃坝和出险事故时有发生，一些规律性趋势逐渐清晰，对超标准洪水影响、土石坝漫而不溃、应急响应机制等一些新问题新方向有待深入研究。基于最新溃坝和出险案例，从防洪标准、监测预警、应急响应、应急处置等方面总结经验教训，得出在水库大坝安全管理和防洪度汛方面的启示，进一步提出加强溃坝风险防控的思考和建议。快速降低库水位是应对超标准洪水的关键措施，土石坝可以做到漫而不溃，土石坝结构设计应充分考虑极端强降雨工况，流域梯级水库防洪能力亟待加强，管理设施对紧急情况下应急能力影响很大，低水平的管理会严重影响防洪安全。Abstract: Affected by extreme weather, dam failure and accidents have occurred in recent years, and some regularity trend is gradually clear. Some new phenomenon and new directions such as the excessive flood impact, earth-rock dam overtop but not collapse, emergency response mechanism and so on should set to be studied deeply. It is necessary to analyze and study the latest dam-break and escape cases. This paper summarizes experience and draws lessons from flood control standards, monitoring and early warning, emergency response and emergency treatment, studies and puts forward enlightenments in reservoir dam safety management and flood control, and further puts forward thoughts and suggestions on strengthening dam failure risk prevention and control. Conclusion: quick lowering water level is the key to deal with the excessive flood measures; earth dam can be done and not collapse; earth and rockfill dam structure design should give full consideration to the extreme working condition of strong rainfall; it is necessary to strengthen the flood control capacity for river cascade reservoirs; management facilities had a great influence on emergency response ability; lower management influences the flood control safety significantly.
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Key words:
- earth-filled dam /
- dam failure /
- accident /
- case study /
- risk control
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图 3 坝顶硬化客观实现土坝漫而不溃
Figure 3. Dam crest hardening measures objectively guaranteed earth dam overtopping but no collapse
表 1 2021年12座水库出险或溃坝情况统计
Table 1. Statistics on dam accident or failure cases of 12 reservoirs in year 2021
水库
名称所在地点 工程
规模防洪标准
设计/校核/a坝型 最大
坝高/m总库容/
万m3破坏模式 发生日期 直接原因 永安 内蒙古 小（1） 50/500 混合土石坝 14.5 800 漫顶溃坝 7.18 超标洪水 新发 内蒙古 中型 50/300 均质土坝 10.6 3 808 漫顶溃坝 7.18 超标洪水 吉布图 内蒙古 小（1） 20/100 均质土坝 11.7 141 超过校核洪水 8.9 超标洪水 郭家咀 河南 小（1） 50/1000 均质土坝 20.0 399 漫顶 7.20 溢洪道堵塞无法正常
溢洪、持续强降雨常庄 河南 中型 100/5000 均质土坝 26.0 1 708 下游坡冒水 7.20 持续强降雨 五星 河南 中型 100/1000 均质土坝 33.6 1 044 滑坡 7.20 持续强降雨 龙门 山东 小（2） 20/200 均质土坝 16.3 46.0 滑坡 7.28 持续强降雨 彭沟 湖北 小（2） 10/50 均质土坝 10.9 59.5 漫顶导致溢洪道被冲毁 8.12 超标洪水 龙岗 湖北 小（2） 10/50 均质土坝 4.5 29.7 漫顶 8.12 超标洪水 三桐 湖北 小（2） 10/50 均质土坝 4.8 30.2 漫顶导致溢洪道被冲毁 8.12 超标洪水 郭水湾 湖北 小（2） 10/50 均质土坝 6.66 45.3 漫顶 8.12 超标洪水 泉水庙 湖北 小（2） 10/50 均质土坝 5.5 16.6 漫顶导致溢洪道被冲毁 8.12 超标洪水 
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