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Review on diagnosis and monitornig methods of structural behavior of superhigh arch dams
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摘要: 我国已建、在建多座特高拱坝工程，这些工程往往面临着高水头、高边坡和复杂地质条件等特殊服役环境，其设计、施工及安全监控等技术指标突破了现行规范适用范围和以往的工程认知。与一般大坝相比，特高拱坝工程复杂程度高，结构的力学行为具有独特特征，工程建设和运行安全控制要求更为严格。论述了坝体体型工程经验性评价参数、地质力学模型试验、数值模拟仿真分析等特高拱坝结构性态诊断关键技术，以及施工质量控制、温控防裂、跟踪监测反馈等安全监控技术；在此基础上，指出了特高拱坝长效服役健康诊断与安全控制的前沿热点问题，包括时空演化特征挖掘方法、服役风险率实时诊断模型、结构安全动态控制模式、智能感知与超前预警技术等。研究可指导特高拱坝的建设和运行管理。Abstract: Several superhigh arch dams have been built or are under construction in China. These projects are often located in special service environments with high water head, high slope and complex geological conditions. Their technical indicators have broken through the applicable scope of current codes and previous engineering cognition, including design, construction, safety monitoring, etc. Compared with ordinary arch dams, the engineering complexity of superhigh arch dams increases sharply with the dam height, and the structural mechanical behavior has more unique characteristics, leading to stringent requirements of safety control during construction and operation. The key technologies of structural behavior diagnosis of superhigh arch dams have been explored systematically, such as engineering empirical evaluation parameters, geomechanical model tests, numerical simulation analysis. Furthermore, safety control technologies have been deeply investigated, including construction quality control, temperature control and crack prevention, monitoring feedback analysis. On this basis, hot issues of health diagnosis and safety control of superhigh arch dams during future long-term operation are expounded, including the mining of methods of space-time evolution characteristics, real-time diagnosis model of operation risk probability, dynamic control model of structural safety, intelligent perception and early warning technology. The aforementioned research aspects are critical for improving the future intelligent construction and management of superhigh arch dams.
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Key words:
- superhigh arch dam /
- structural behavior /
- model test /
- numerical simulation /
- safety monitoring
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表 1 我国特高拱坝工程体型特征
Table 1. Shape characteristics of superhigh arch dams in China
序号 坝名 水平拱型 坝高/m 坝顶弧长/m 拱冠厚度/m 厚高比 弧高比 中心角/° 顶部 底部 1 锦屏一级 抛物线 305.0 552.43 16.00 63.00 0.207 1.811 93.55 2 小湾 抛物线 294.5 892.79 12.00 72.91 0.248 3.032 90.10 3 白鹤滩 椭圆 289.0 708.70 14.00 63.50 0.218 2.450 96.43 4 溪洛渡 抛物线 285.5 581.51 14.00 60.00 0.210 2.037 95.60 5 乌东德 抛物线 270.0 326.95 11.98 51.41 0.190 1.211 101.79 6 拉西瓦 对数螺旋线 250.0 475.80 10.00 49.00 0.196 1.903 92.40 7 二滩 抛物线 240.0 769.00 11.00 55.74 0.232 3.204 91.50 8 构皮滩 抛物线 230.5 552.55 10.25 50.28 0.216 2.377 88.00 9 大岗山 抛物线 210.0 622.42 10.00 52.00 0.248 2.964 93.50 
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表 2 我国特高拱坝应力水平
Table 2. Maximum principal stresses of superhigh arch dams in China
单位：MPa 序号 坝名 坝基岩性 最大应力 拉应力 压应力 1 锦屏一级 微风化弱卸荷Ⅲ1类大理岩、砂板岩为主 1.19 9.64 2 小湾 微-新黑云母花岗片麻岩、角闪斜长片麻岩为主 1.10 9.80 3 白鹤滩 块状玄武岩为主，河床部位出露角砾熔岩 1.03 8.82 4 溪洛渡 弱风化下段玄武岩为主 1.14 9.20 5 乌东德 灰岩、白云岩、大理岩化白云岩为主 0.99 7.22 6 拉西瓦 花岗岩和变质岩微-新岩体为主 1.18 7.97 7 二滩 正长岩、玄武岩的弱风化下段为主 0.99 8.82 8 构皮滩 灰岩，建于Ⅰ、Ⅱ级岩体，局部Ⅲ级岩体 1.00 7.00 9 大岗山 中、低高程微-新花岗岩，上部为弱风化下段 0.48 6.04 注：拉应力均发生在坝踵、压应力均发生在下游坝面。
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