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Assessment of seismic damage for earth-rockfill dam based on information entropy-variable weight fuzzy model
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摘要: 土石坝震损评估可为震后应急处置和除险加固提供依据，因而对评估方法和结果的可靠性提出更高要求。为了降低层次分析法(AHP)计算指标权重的主观性，并体现出指标严重程度对土石坝震损评估结果的贡献作用，建立信息熵-变权模糊评估模型。首先根据土石坝震害险情研究成果，阐述了土石坝震损评估指标体系及指标分级标准，然后以AHP法确定指标初始权重，再采用信息熵对其修正，同时考虑指标严重程度对权重的影响，引入变权法对修正后的权重进行调整，融合模糊评价法，最后建立信息熵-变权模糊的土石坝震损评估模型。工程实例评估结果表明，该模型有效降低了指标权重的主观性，并突出了不同指标的严重程度对评估结果的影响，使土石坝震损评估结果更加客观准确。Abstract: The seismic damage assessment of earth-rockfill dams can provide a basis for the post-earthquake emergency disposal and reinforcement, so higher requirements for the reliability of the evaluation methods and evaluation results are put forward. In order to reduce the subjectivity of the index weight calculated by analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and reflect the contribution of the index severity to the seismic damage assessment of the earth-rockfill dam, an information entropy variable weight fuzzy evaluation model is established. First of all, according to the research results of the earth-rockfill dam seismic damage, this paper expounds an seismic damage assessment index system and its classification standard, then AHP is used to determine the initial index weights, and the information entropy is adopted to modify it, and considering the indexes' severity impacts on the weights, a variable weight method is introduced to adjust weights again, and the fusion of the fuzzy evaluation method is made to finally develop a seismic damage assessment model for the earth-rockfill dam based on the information entropy-variable weight fuzzy. The evaluation results of the engineering examples show that this model effectively reduces the subjectivity of the index weight, and highlights the influence of the different indexes' severity on the evaluation results, so that the seismic damage assessment results of the earth-rockfill dams are more objective and accurate.
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图 1 土石坝震损评估指标体系
Figure 1. Seismic damage assessment index system for earth-rockfill dam
图 3 信息熵-变权模糊评估模型建立流程
Figure 3. Flow chart of information entropy-variable weight fuzzy model
表 1 土石坝震损评估指标分级标准
Table 1. Grading standards of seismic damage assessment indexes for earth-rockfill dam
指标 等级划分及评分区间 一般险情 严重险情 高危险情 溃坝险情 [0, 0.25) [0.25, 0.50) [0.50, 0.75) [0.75, 1.00] 坝体裂缝 裂缝最大长度 < 5 m；
裂缝最大宽度 < 0.5 cm；
裂缝最大深度 < 0.2 m。裂缝最大长度5~20 m；
裂缝最大宽度0.5~2.0 cm；
裂缝最大深度0.2~0.5 m。裂缝最大长度20~50 m；
裂缝最大宽度2~5 cm；
裂缝最大深度0.5~2.0 m。裂缝最大长度≥50 m；
裂缝最大宽度≥5 cm；
裂缝最大深度≥2 m。渗透破坏 存在轻微渗漏现象，散浸面积与坝坡面积比值 < 2%。 有管涌或流土迹象，渗漏量明显增大；散浸面积与坝坡面积比值2%~10%。 有管涌或流土趋势，渗漏量较大，水质略微浑浊；散浸面积与坝坡面积比10%~20%。 发生管涌或流土，喷水冒砂，接触渗漏严重，渗漏量大，且水质浑浊；散浸面积与坝坡面积比值≥20%。 坝体滑坡 坝坡出现细小裂缝，但未发生滑坡，坝坡基本无破坏。 坝坡局部发生滑坡，但规模较小，最大滑坡面积与坝坡面积比值< 5%。 坝坡小范围滑坡，规模较大，最大滑坡面积与坝坡面积比值5%~10%。 坝坡发生多处滑坡，且滑坡规模大，最大滑坡面积与坝坡面积比值≥10%。 结构变形 坝体表面变形较小，最大沉降量与坝高之比 < 0.1%；防浪墙和护坡基本无破坏。 坝体出现明显变形，最大沉降量与坝高之比为0.1%~0.5%；防浪墙和护坡出现破损，对坝体安全有一定影响。 坝面出现隆起、坍陷，最大沉降量与坝高之比0.5%~1.0%。 坝体塌陷严重，最大沉降量与坝高之比≥1%。 泄水设施破坏 闸门轻微变形，可正常启闭；渠道边坡存在脱落现象，但未发生滑坡；泄洪洞洞壁基本无破坏。 少数闸门无法完全开启；渠道小范围滑坡，局部堵塞；泄洪洞洞壁出现裂缝，规模不大。 近半数闸门损坏，无法开启；两岸大面积滑坡，渠道堵塞严重；泄洪洞洞壁裂缝较多。 绝大多数闸门无法开启；渠道发生大面积滑坡，渠道几乎完全堵塞；泄洪洞洞壁断裂。 
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表 2 比率标度的含义
Table 2. Meaning of ratio scale
标度 含义 1 两个因素相比，同等重要 3 两个因素相比，前者比后者稍微重要 5 两个因素相比，前者比后者明显重要 7 两个因素相比，前者比后者强烈重要 9 两个因素相比，前者比后者极端重要 2, 4, 6, 8 重要程度介于上述奇数之间 注：若因素i对因素j的重要程度为bij，那么因素j对因素i的重要程度为bji，且bji=1/bij。
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表 3 判断矩阵A的一般结构
Table 3. General structure of judgement matrix A
A A1 A2 … An A1 a11 a12 … a1n A2 a21 a22 … a2n … … … … … An an1 an2 … ann
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表 4 判断矩阵的RI取值
Table 4. RI values of judgement matrix
矩阵阶数 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 RI 0 0 0.52 0.89 1.12 1.26 1.36 1.41 1.46 1.49
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表 5 指标初始权重及信息熵修正后的权重
Table 5. Index initial weight and corrected weight of information entropy
指标 坝体裂缝 渗透破坏 结构变形 泄水设施破坏 初始权重ω0i 一致性检验 信息熵修正后权重ω1i 坝体裂缝 1 1 3 5 0.393 7 CI=0.001 4
CR=0.001 60.391 3 渗透破坏 1 1 3 5 0.393 7 0.391 3 结构变形 1/3 1/3 1 2 0.137 4 0.150 4 泄水设施破坏 1/5 1/5 1/2 1 0.075 2 0.067 0
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表 6 变权法计算结果
Table 6. Calculation results given by variable weight method
参数指标 坝体裂缝 渗透破坏 结构变形 泄水设施破坏 ui 0.220 0 0.100 0 0.550 0 0.300 0 ω1i 0.391 3 0.391 3 0.150 5 0.067 0 ω2i 0.853 7 0.853 7 0.328 3 0.146 3 λ2i 3.552 8 3.552 8 0.415 2 0.159 9 ki 0.890 2 0.890 2 0.864 4 0.847 0 λi 0.548 6 0.640 5 0.162 8 0.077 6 ωi 0.383 7 0.448 1 0.113 9 0.054 3
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