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Model tests of gravel soil slope under rainfall and slope toe immersion
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摘要: 降雨是诱发边坡失稳的重要因素，为此开展了含砾量分别为10%，20%和40%的含砾土坡的坡面降雨和坡脚浸泡的模型试验。利用体积含水率和吸力传感器测试了含砾土坡的水土特性，观测了边坡湿润锋的发展过程，利用PIV技术研究了边坡的位移变形过程；通过控制坡脚水位及坡顶后续加载研究了坡脚浸泡作用下土坡的沉降变形规律。试验结果表明：降雨条件下，含砾量越高，土坡坡面侵蚀发育越缓慢，边坡的细粒土越容易达到完全饱和状态；坡土饱和后，含砾量10%的土坡主要以坡面侵蚀和变形为主，不易发生整体破坏，含砾量20%和40%的坡土均发生了整体滑移破坏。坡脚浸泡过程中，含砾量越高，边坡变形量越小，在水位下降过程中基质吸力恢复越快，在浸水过程中边坡吸力丧失范围越小。在坡脚浸泡及后续坡顶加载作用下，含砾量10%的土坡会产生较大变形，含砾量20%的土坡最容易发生破坏，含砾量40%的土坡稳定性良好。Abstract: Landslide disaster is the main geological disaster faced by China at present, and rainfall is an important factor to induce slope instability. The model tests of rainfall and slope toe immersion on gravel soil slope with 10%, 20% and 40% gravel contents were conducted. The soil and water parameters of gravel soil slope were tested by volume moisture sensor and suction sensor. The development processes of wetting front of slope were observed. The displacement and deformation characteristics of slope were studied by PIV technology. By controlling water level and loading conditions, the law of settlement and deformation of soil slope under slope toe immersion was studied. The results showed that under rainfall condition, the higher the gravel content was, the slower the erosion development of the slope surface was, the easier the fine-grained soil of the slope to reach full saturation state was; after slope soil was saturated, the strength decrease of slope soil with 20% gravel content was the most, and the slope was most likely to have the disposable integral damage; the surface of soil slope with 40% gravel content was destroyed first, then the slope shoulder began to slide, which caused the large-scale sliding failure of the whole slope; the soil slope with 10% gravel content was mainly eroded and deformed in slope surface; slope erosion and deformation were the main variation of soil slope with 10% gravel content, less prone to overall damage. During the immersion of slope toe, the higher the gravel content were, the smaller the deformation of the slope was, the better the drainage characteristics of the slope was, and the faster the matrix suction recovery was during the water level decline; the lower the gravel content was, the larger the suction loss range of the slope was in the process of slope toe immersion. Under the action of slope toe immersion and slope top loading, soil slope with 20% gravel content was most vulnerable to failure; soil slope with 10% gravel content would produce large deformation; soil slope with 40% gravel content had good stability.
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Key words:
- soil slope /
- slope rainfall /
- slope toe immersion /
- soil and water parameters /
- model test
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图 1 模型试验装置及传感器埋设示意(单位：cm)
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of model test equipment and sensor set up (unit: cm)
图 2 坡脚浸泡模型装置纵断面(单位:cm)
Figure 2. Longitudinal profile of slope toe immersion model test equipment (unit: cm)
图 3 传感器埋设位置横剖面(单位: cm)
Figure 3. Transverse profile of sensor burying position (unit: cm)
图 4 不同含砾量坡土的级配曲线
Figure 4. Grading curves of slope soil with different gravel contents
图 5 不同含砾量坡土的体积含水率和坡土吸力随降雨历时的变化曲线
Figure 5. Variation curves of volume moisture content and suction of slope soil with different gravel contents during rainfall
图 6 降雨过程中不同含砾量的土坡的湿润锋界面线随时间发展规律
Figure 6. Development of wetting front interfacial lines of soil slopes with different gravel contents with time during rainfall
图 7 不同含砾量土坡的最终位移矢量
Figure 7. Vector diagrams of the final displacement of soil slopes with different gravel contents
图 8 不同含砾量土坡最终变形破坏形态
Figure 8. Final deformation failure mode of soil slopes with different gravel contents
图 9 降雨过程中不同含砾量土坡的坡面侵蚀破坏照片
Figure 9. Slope surface erosion diagrams of soil slopes with different gravel contents during rainfall
图 10 不同含砾量土坡随水位变化的沉降曲线
Figure 10. Settlement curves of soil slopes changing with water level with different gravel contents
图 11 不同含砾量土坡在不同水位时体积含水率和的吸力历时曲线
Figure 11. Diachronic curves of volume moisture content and suction of soil slopes with different gravel contents at different water levels
表 1 不同含砾量坡土的基本物理力学参数及饱和作用下抗剪强度参数下降比例
Table 1. Basic physical and mechanical parameters of slope soil with different gravel contents and decreasing ratios of shear strength parameters under saturation condition
含砾量/% 最大干密度/(g·cm-3) 最优含水率/% 内摩擦角/° 黏聚力/kPa 饱和渗透系数/(cm·s-1) 饱和后内摩擦角下降比例/% 饱和后黏聚力下降比例/% 非饱和 饱和 非饱和 饱和 10 1.722 19.28 17.10 10.66 31.8 20.0 8.787×10-6 37.66 37.11 20 1.880 17.80 17.66 16.55 55.0 13.7 3.597×10-5 5.72 75.09 40 1.986 15.12 22.86 20.40 84.7 40.2 4.228×10-4 10.74 52.54 
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